Stokes-Adams attack diagnosis in Schlosspark Hospital Berlin

About the department

The Department of Cardiology at the Schlosspark Hospital Berlin provides all the possibilities of modern medicine for the conservative and interventional treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The department's team of doctors is highly professional in providing medical care to patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, valvular defects, and arterial hypertension. The medical facility has excellent technical facilities for comprehensive diagnostics, including echocardiography, electrocardiography, CT and MRI scans, and electrophysiological studies. The department also offers the services of an advanced Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, where cardiac catheter-based tests and interventional therapeutic procedures are performed. The department annually treats more than 2,500 patients. In addition, the Chest Pain Unit admits approximately 2,500 outpatients every year. Patients with acute coronary syndrome are admitted around the clock. The Head Physician of the department is Dr. med. Richard Stern.

One of the most common pathologies in the department's clinical practice is coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD causes the formation of atherosclerotic plaques (cholesterol deposits) on the walls of the coronary vessels, resulting in a depletion of blood flow. As coronary artery disease progresses, the influx of oxygen-rich blood less and less covers the needs of the heart muscle, as a result of which the patient develops angina pectoris. If left untreated, coronary artery disease may lead to myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. At the diagnostic stage, a patient with suspected coronary artery disease undergoes electrocardiography, echocardiography, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring, bicycle ergometry, and a number of laboratory tests, including a complete blood count, a biochemical blood test, an electrolyte test, and a coagulogram. If diagnostic results reveal some signs of coronary heart disease, the patient additionally undergoes coronary angiography to clarify the diagnosis. As for the treatment, at the early stages of heart pathology, the department's specialists use only drug therapy aimed at preventing complications of coronary heart disease and relieving symptoms. The second-line therapy is percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent implantation. The interventional procedure is performed in a specially equipped Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory under local anesthesia. The essence of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is that the narrowed section of the coronary artery is expanded using a balloon attached to the catheter, which is inserted into the femoral artery through a puncture in the inguinal region. The interventional procedure is performed under X-ray guidance, which ensures accurate delivery of the catheter with an attached balloon to the area of narrowing of the coronary vessel. The final stage of the procedure is stent implantation, which prevents recurrent narrowing of the lumen of the coronary vessel, thereby ensuring normal blood supply to the myocardium.

The department also successfully performs interventional treatment for valvular heart disease. Patients with aortic valve stenosis often seek help from the department's cardiologists. The specialists at the medical facility offer transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) to treat this pathology. Aortic valve stenosis most often develops in older people with severe comorbidities for whom open surgery is contraindicated. In such cases, the TAVI procedure is the optimal treatment option. Its essence lies in the fact that the department's cardiologists replace the patient's damaged aortic valve with a prosthesis using the endovascular technique without any chest incisions and a heart-lung machine. When performing transcatheter aortic valve implantation, the department's cardiologists use a specially designed prosthesis, which is delivered to the heart through the blood vessels in a compressed form. After positioning the prosthesis in the right place, the specialists expand it to a working size, as a result of which the artificial aortic valve begins to perform those functions that the patient's own heart valve can no longer perform.

The Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory also performs clipping for mitral regurgitation. Patients with this valvular disease have a backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts. The reason for this is the incomplete closing of the heart valve leaflets. Pathology can be congenital or acquired. Until recently, patients required open surgery to repair this valvular disease, but now a sparing interventional procedure with the MitraClip device has been implemented into practice. The department's specialists perform mitral valve clipping procedures using catheter-based techniques with an endovascular approach through the femoral vein. The image-guided intervention is performed under general anesthesia. The duration of the clipping procedure is 2-5 hours, while the correction of uncomplicated cases of mitral regurgitation takes a minimum amount of time, and in complex clinical cases, the duration of the procedure increases.

The team of the department's cardiologists has rich experience in the treatment of heart arrhythmias. Of particular interest to doctors is the implantation of pacemakers and defibrillators to normalize the heart rhythm. A pacemaker helps control abnormal heart rhythms by using electrical impulses to make the heartbeat at a normal rate. It can speed up a slow heart rate, monitor a fast heart rate, and coordinate the work of the heart chambers. The work of the defibrillator is aimed at monitoring the heart rate, so if a dangerous situation arises, it generates an electric discharge. The interventions to implant pacemakers and defibrillators are usually performed in the department under local anesthesia using a percutaneous approach. Recovery after the interventional procedure does not take much time, and the patient can leave the hospital after 1-2 days.

The department's key areas of work include the following:

• Diagnostics
  • Functional diagnostics
    • Resting and stress ECG
    • 24-hour ECG monitoring
    • 24-hour blood pressure monitoring
    • Spiroergometry
    • Screening for obstructive sleep apnea
  • Imaging diagnostics
    • Echocardiography (classical, transesophageal, and stress echocardiography with dynamic physical and pharmacological stress)
    • Cardiac CT and MRI scans
  • Interventional diagnostic procedures
    • Coronary angiography
    • Fractional blood flow reserve measurement
    • Intravascular ultrasound
    • Implantation of an event recorder (for determining the causes of syncope of unknown origin and for the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation)
• Treatment
  • Drug therapy
  • Catheter-based interventional treatment
    • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent implantation
    • Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
    • Clipping (MitraClip) for mitral regurgitation
    • Revision restoration of vascular patency in chronic occlusions using ante- and retrograde recanalization
    • Pacemaker implantation 
    • Defibrillator implantation 
    • Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with advanced chronic heart failure
    • Patent foramen ovale closure
    • Emergency medical care for acute coronary syndrome (around the clock)
• Other medical services