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Bone metastases often occur in the advanced stages of cancer, which are characterized by rapid spread beyond the tumor site and invasion of distant organs and tissues. Studies reported that approximately 350,000 people died from bone metastases in the USA alone, underscoring the devastating nature of this issue. The highest incidence...

Osteosarcoma is a rare but aggressive form of bone cancer, most commonly affecting adolescents and young adults. In Germany, approximately 60 children and adolescents under 18 are diagnosed with osteosarcoma each year, accounting for about 2.6% of all pediatric malignancies in this age group. This cancer typically arises in the long bones...

According to official statistics from the WHO in 2022, oncological diseases are now the cause of one in every six deaths worldwide. This has encouraged the international medical community to develop new cancer treatment methods and increase the effectiveness of the already existing ones.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths reported in 2022. About 94% of these fatalities occur in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and regular screenings. In the United States, an estimated...

Stage 4 liver cancer is the most advanced stage of liver malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer. It remains the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), approximately 42,000 new cases...

Esophageal cancer is a severe and aggressive malignancy. According to oncology research, this disease is often diagnosed late due to its subtle early symptoms, such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and persistent cough. By the time the disease reaches stage 4, it has spread beyond the esophagus to distant organs such as...

Stage 4 uterine cancer and specifically stage 4 endometrial cancer represent the most advanced form of endometrial carcinoma, where the cancer has spread beyond the uterus to distant organs such as the lungs, liver, bones, or lymph nodes. According to the American Cancer Society, uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy...

Lung metastases affect 20-54% of patients with extrathoracic cancers, dramatically reducing survival rates – breast cancer survival drops from 96% to 21% with lung spread, while colorectal cancer survival falls from 91% to below 10% with metastasis. These secondary tumors, most commonly originating from breast, colorectal, and prostate...