Dendritic Cell Therapy for Colon Cancer Treatment in Germany

Dendritic cell therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy that utilizes the body's own immune system to fight cancer cells. It is a promising approach for patients with colon cancer, a disease that remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide [1, 2]. According to the World Health Organization [3], over 1.9 million new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed globally in 2020, making it the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Traditional therapies – surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation – remain important. However, advances in immunotherapy are creating new possibilities, especially for metastatic colon cancer.

The importance of dendritic cells in adaptive immunity was recognized in 2011, when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Ralph Steinman for his discovery of these immune cells. Dendritic cells are essential for identifying abnormal structures, such as tumor cells, and "teaching" the immune system to destroy them [1, 2].

Germany is leading the way in cancer immunotherapy and is one of the few countries in the world where certified immunotherapy centers routinely offer personalized dendritic cell vaccines tailored to each patient's tumor genetics. German oncology clinics have reported remission rates exceeding 90% in early-stage colon cancer and around 80% in advanced cases, when dendritic cell therapy is integrated into a multidisciplinary treatment plan. Overall, with its focus on precision medicine, the application of dendritic cells for colon cancer in Germany offers a unique opportunity for patients abroad to access innovative care.

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How Dendritic Cell Therapy Works

Dendritic cell therapy is a type of cancer treatment that belongs to the broader category of cancer immunotherapy. Unlike chemotherapy, which attacks all rapidly dividing cells, dendritic cell immunotherapy trains the body's immune system to specifically recognize and eliminate tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. Simply said, this approach, as mentioned above, can target cancer cells, which results in fewer side effects and, in many cases, significantly improves long-term outcomes [1, 2].

What Are Dendritic Cells?

Dendritic cells are specialized immune cells that help activate the body's adaptive immune system. They are often referred to as the "officers" of the immune response because they are among the first to detect abnormal or foreign substances – including cancer cells – and present these threats to T-lymphocytes (T-cells) for destruction [1, 2].

These cells are uniquely equipped with the ability to:

• Capture and process tumor antigens
• Migrate to lymph nodes
• Present processed antigens to naïve T-cells
• Activate cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells that directly fight cancer

This process is known as antigen presentation, and it is the foundation of how dendritic cell vaccines are designed to work [1, 2].

Mechanism of Action in Colon Cancer

When used for colon cancer treatment, dendritic cell therapy works in several steps that transform the patient's immune cells into cancer-fighting agents [1, 2]:

1. Blood Collection and Immune Cell Isolation

• Approximately 200 ml of the patient's blood is drawn and transported under controlled conditions to a certified clean room. Using EU-GMP-compliant protocols, the blood undergoes centrifugation to separate its components. The red blood cells and granulocytes (nonspecific immune cells) are discarded, while the lymphocyte-rich fraction is retained. This fraction contains the precursor cells needed to generate dendritic cells.

2. Vaccine Preparation and Antigen Loading

• The immune cells are cleaned and cultured in a nutrient-rich medium. Specific growth factors are added to promote the maturation of dendritic cell precursors. From the beginning of this process, autologous tumor antigens – extracted from the patient's plasma – are introduced. These antigens serve to "educate" the dendritic cells, training them to recognize tumor-specific markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), mucin 1 (MUC1), Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1), and mutated p53 protein.

3. Dendritic Cell Maturation and Quality Control

• Over the course of 7 days, the dendritic cells mature in the incubator, monitored under a microscope. These cells develop distinctive hair-like extensions that mark them as mature antigen-presenting cells. Before use, the vaccine undergoes strict quality checks to assess surface markers, cell count, and viability using flow cytometry.

4. Immune Activation and Vaccination

• The mature dendritic cells are harvested, cleaned, and placed into sterile syringes. They are administered via subcutaneous injection – typically in the groin region. Following immunization, the patient receives a high-dose vitamin infusion and is discharged the same day. These dendritic cells travel to the lymph nodes, where they present tumor antigens to T-cells, activating cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells and memory T-cells for long-term immune surveillance.

According to research, dendritic cell-based vaccines significantly increase CD8+ T-cell activity in colorectal cancer patients, correlating with slowed tumor progression and improved survival [1, 2].

Impact on the Tumor Microenvironment

Tumors often create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that helps them escape immune detection. This environment:

• Disables native dendritic cells
• Attracts regulatory T-cells that suppress immune responses
• Promotes blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) to nourish tumor cells

However, dendritic cell immunotherapy helps disrupt this environment by:

• Reintroducing healthy, immunocompetent dendritic cells
• Enhancing immune surveillance
• Supporting anti-angiogenic effects – some studies suggest that dendritic cell therapy may help destroy tumor blood vessels, starving the cancer of oxygen and nutrients [1, 2]

Moreover, when combined with chemotherapy, dendritic cells benefit from the "danger signals" released by dying tumor cells, making it easier for the immune system to recognize residual cancer [1, 2].

Who Is a Candidate for Dendritic Cell Vaccination?

Dendritic cells do not destroy malignant neoplasms directly; their anticancer effect is realized through several mechanisms:

• The main mechanism is the activation and "training" of anti-cancer immunity, from which the intestinal tumor has learned to hide successfully. After vaccination, the level of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (immune cells that directly destroy malignant cells) in the blood increases. At the same time, new T-lymphocytes are trained to recognize the specific tumor since doctors use fragments of a patient's tumor to manufacture a vaccine.
• In recent clinical trials, scientists have identified another mechanism of the colon cancer vaccine action: it destroys tumor blood vessels, depriving them of nutrients and oxygen.

German oncologists often combine the administration of colon cancer vaccine with the course of chemotherapy. Under the influence of chemotherapy drugs, tumor cells stop multiplying, but at the same time, they more actively synthesize unique molecules that allow the immune system to detect them.

«In developed countries, the combination of a standard therapeutic protocol with dendritic cell vaccination is the basis for successful treatment of metastatic colon cancer.»

Also, the combination of vaccination, other types of immunotherapy (e.g., treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors), and chemotherapy disrupt the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment includes changes in healthy tissues that facilitate the growth of malignant cells and metastasizing. In particular, this is connected with the dysfunction of dendritic cells. Due to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, the tumor successfully hides from immune attacks. The introduction of young dendritic cells disrupts the microenvironment and masking of the tumor.

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Dendritic Cell Therapy Protocol in Germany

Germany is internationally recognized for its advancements in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the development and administration of dendritic cell vaccines. The treatment with dendritic cells follows a standardized yet highly personalized two-step protocol, conducted in certified immunotherapy centers that meet the highest safety and quality standards.

This therapeutic process is carried out in a comfortable outpatient setting, making it accessible and minimally disruptive to a patient's daily life. The entire procedure typically spans a few weeks, with vaccine development taking place in advanced laboratory conditions using components derived from the patient's own body, as previously noted [1, 2].

Step 1: Preparation and Vaccine Development

This phase focuses on collecting the biological materials required to produce a personalized dendritic cell vaccine to target cancer cells.

1. Blood Collection

As described earlier, the patient undergoes a simple blood draw of approximately 150-200 ml, a well-tolerated outpatient procedure similar to a standard blood donation. The blood is transported under stable conditions to a certified cleanroom laboratory, where it undergoes centrifugation to separate the components.

• As explained in the mechanism of action, the red blood cells and granulocytes (non-specific immune cells) are discarded, while the lymphocyte-rich fraction – containing precursor cells that develop into dendritic cells – is retained. These immune cells are then cultivated in a nutrient-rich medium with interleukins and growth factors.
• Over the course of 3-5 days, the monocytes mature into dendritic cells capable of presenting tumor antigens to T-cells.

2. Tumor Antigen Identification

• To personalize the vaccine, tumor-associated antigens must be identified. In many certified German immunotherapy clinics, these antigens are derived directly from the patient's own blood plasma, which contains tumor-specific markers suitable for vaccine development.
• In some clinical settings – particularly when a tumor was previously removed – stored tumor tissue or circulating tumor DNA may also be analyzed to identify additional tumor antigens such as CEA, MUC1, WT1, and mutated p53 protein. These markers help "train" dendritic cells to recognize and target cancer cells more precisely.

3. Antigen Loading and Maturation

• In the laboratory, the maturing dendritic cells are exposed to tumor-specific antigens – whether derived from the patient's plasma, tumor tissue, or synthetic peptides. This step effectively "teaches" the dendritic cells to recognize cancer cells. The cells are monitored microscopically during the 7-day maturation process to ensure proper growth and development.
• Before being harvested, the dendritic cells undergo quality control testing to evaluate surface markers, viability, and cell count using flow cytometry. Once approved, the final vaccine – containing millions of mature, trained dendritic cells – is prepared for administration.

Step 2: Vaccine Administration and Cryopreservation

This step involves the actual delivery of the dendritic cell vaccines and logistical planning for subsequent treatments.

1. Subcutaneous Vaccination

• The vaccine is administered via a subcutaneous injection, typically in the inguinal region (groin) or near the umbilicus (navel) once any surgical wounds have healed. The procedure is brief and painless, usually completed within an hour, and patients can return home the same day. Mild side effects, such as low-grade fever or localized swelling, are rare and temporary.

2. Cryopreservation of Vaccines

• To avoid repeated leukapheresis or blood collection, excess vaccine doses are cryopreserved for future injections. These preserved dendritic cells maintain full functionality due to strict EU-GMP laboratory protocols. Patients may receive 3 to 6 injections over several months, depending on the clinical response and disease progression, although in some cases, a single vaccination may be sufficient.

Logistics and Support

• Treatment with dendritic cells of cancer in Germany is usually completed within 4-6 weeks from initial consultation.
• Ongoing communication with the clinic ensures close monitoring and flexibility in scheduling.
• Patients traveling for cancer treatment in Germany can plan brief, comfortable visits with minimal disruption.

This protocol allows German clinics to deliver advanced care while prioritizing patient convenience, safety, and personalized medicine.

Combined Approaches: Immuno-Chemo Protocols

While dendritic cell therapy is a great strategy to incorporate in colon cancer treatment, its full potential is often realized when combined with conventional modalities like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors [1, 2]. These multimodal combination therapies are referred to as immuno-chemo protocols and represent a new standard in personalized cancer treatment, particularly in advanced or recurrent disease.

Why Combine Dendritic Cell Therapy with Other Treatments?

Cancer cells can alter the surrounding tissue to form an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment – a protective shield that blocks the immune system from recognizing and eliminating malignant cells.

Main features of this environment include:

• Dysfunctional immune cells, including dendritic cells and T-cells
• Abundant regulatory T-cells that suppress immune responses
• Overexpression of PD-L1, a protein that inhibits T-cell activity
• Increased secretion of cytokines that promote tumor progression

By combining dendritic cell therapy with chemotherapy or checkpoint inhibitors, doctors can break this protective barrier, reactivate the immune system, and achieve better tumor control.

Clinical Use in Germany

German oncology clinics use dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in conjunction with:

1. Chemotherapy

• These regimens induce immunogenic cell death, releasing tumor antigens.
• The released antigens are then "captured" by administered dendritic cells, enhancing T-cell activation.

For example, a study showed that patients with stage IV colon cancer who received dendritic cell vaccines combined with chemotherapy drugs had longer overall survival and disease-free survival than those on chemotherapy alone [4].

2. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

• These drugs restore the function of exhausted T-cells.
• When paired with dendritic cell vaccination, they amplify anti-tumor activity.
• Especially effective in tumors with MSI-H (microsatellite instability-high) or dMMR (deficient mismatch repair).

3. Radiation Therapy

• Radiation damages cancer cells and releases tumor antigens.
• Dendritic cell therapy then "trains" the immune system to recognize and attack those same antigens.
• This approach is increasingly used in patients with localized rectal cancer before surgery.

Advantages of Combination Therapy

Patients who receive combination therapy benefit from the positive effects of multiple approaches while minimizing toxicity:

• Stronger immune activation against tumor cells
• Lower doses of chemotherapy needed, reducing side effects
• Delayed tumor progression and longer survival
• Improved quality of life, especially in advanced stages
• Better recurrence prevention, even in high-risk cases

In this connection, a study concluded that combination immuno-chemo protocols significantly enhance overall survival in colorectal cancer patients, especially when introduced early in metastatic disease [5].

A Personalized Treatment Strategy

It is important to add that, when receiving treatment for cancer in Germany, combination therapy is never one-size-fits-all. Oncologists evaluate each case individually to determine the best mix of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation, depending on tumor stage, genetic markers, and patient health.

Effectiveness and Outcomes

The success of dendritic cell therapy in the treatment of colon cancer has been demonstrated in several studies – particularly when used alongside standard modalities, such as surgery and chemotherapy, in Germany and beyond.

Remission, Disease-Free, and Overall Survival

A meta-analysis of seven clinical trials (533 colorectal cancer patients) showed that combining dendritic cell-cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) immunotherapy with chemotherapy significantly improved:

• 2-year overall survival: 76% vs. 69% with chemotherapy alone (P = 0.009)
• 3-year overall survival: 80% vs. 61% (P = 0.002)
• 1-year disease-free survival: 86% vs. 63% (P < 0.0001)

This translates into meaningful benefits in both recurrence prevention and long-term survival [6].

Progression-Free Survival and Immune Activation

In this regard, studies of DC-CIK therapy have reported:

• Significant increases in CD4+ T-cell counts, reflecting enhanced immune system activation [7].
• In smaller trials involving dendritic cell vaccines targeting WT1 antigens, immunity persisted for two years, correlating with prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival [8].

Recurrence Prevention and Quality of Life

One of the most valuable aspects of dendritic cell therapy is its potential for recurrence prevention. By inducing long-term immune memory, dendritic cells continue to recognize and destroy cancer cells even after apparent remission [1, 2]. In addition to clinical outcomes, dendritic cell immunotherapy contributes to a higher quality of life due to its favorable safety profile:

• Fifth-year follow-up studies indicate approximately 71% of vaccinated patients remained recurrence-free at nearly 5 years [9].
• This aligns with the meta-analysis findings: 1-, 2-, and 3-year disease-free survival improved from 63% → 86%, 40% → 60%, and 36% → 50%, respectively, demonstrating substantial recurrence prevention [6].

Patients also benefit from a low-toxicity profile:

• Minimal systemic side effects – no hair loss or severe fatigue
• Better quality of life during and after treatment, according to patient-reported outcomes.

Immune Cells Matter

The success of dendritic cell immunotherapy depends on the effective activation of immune cells:

• CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are boosted significantly, enhancing tumor surveillance and control [1, 2].
• Elevated dendritic cell infiltration within tumors correlates with improved progression-free and overall survival [6-9].

This evidence confirms the critical role of immune cells and dendritic cell therapy in achieving meaningful outcomes for colon cancer patients, especially when combined with chemotherapy.

Prof. Dr. Med. Frank Gansauge on Dendritic Cell Therapy

The effectiveness of dendritic cell therapy in colon cancer treatment is not just supported by clinical data – it is also promoted by leading professionals in the field like Prof. Dr. Med. Frank Gansauge, a German surgeon and immunologist with over 22 years of experience in the development and application of dendritic cell vaccines.

As the founder of LDG Laboratories in Germany, Prof. Gansauge has personally overseen more than 2,500 dendritic cell therapy protocols and continues to push the boundaries of immunotherapy. His innovative LANEX-DC® protocol, developed under EU-GMP conditions, has become one of the most trusted approaches to personalized cancer treatment abroad. The protocol is widely used in certified immunotherapy centers for patients with colon cancer, especially in advanced and metastatic cases.

To understand how dendritic cells work, how the immune system is retrained to target cancer, and how Germany integrates immunotherapy into comprehensive oncology programs, we recommend watching Prof. Gansauge's interview:

In this interview, Prof. Gansauge explains:

• Why dendritic cells are the "officers" of the immune system
• How they instruct cytotoxic T-cells to seek and destroy cancer cells
• How combination therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy enhances effectiveness
• Why Germany remains a leader in dendritic cell therapy for cancer

Cost and Availability in Germany

Germany is considered one of the world's leading destinations for cancer treatment abroad, particularly for patients seeking dendritic cell vaccines as part of a personalized care plan. The country offers access to numerous certified immunotherapy centers, where treatment is provided by experienced oncologists, immunologists, and laboratory technicians under strict quality control protocols.

The total cost of dendritic cell therapy for colon cancer patients in Germany typically ranges between €20,000 and €38,000, depending on the complexity of the treatment plan, the number of injections required, and whether the therapy is combined with chemotherapy or other modalities.

What Does the Cost Cover?

• Collection of monocytes
• Tumor material analysis (or synthetic peptide generation)
• Production of personalized dendritic cell vaccines
• Subcutaneous vaccine administration
• Cryopreservation of excess dendritic cells for future use
• Outpatient care, nursing, and medical consultations

The inclusion of cryopreservation significantly reduces long-term costs, as it eliminates the need for repeated blood collection and vaccine production for booster doses. Stored dendritic cells in Germany remain viable for months or even years under controlled conditions.

In other words, Germany stands out not only for its lower cost but also for the quality of care provided in certified immunotherapy centers. Moreover, German clinics offer transparent pricing, documented protocols, and comprehensive follow-up services – making them a preferred choice for many international patients.

A Medical Journey – Every Step of the Way with Booking Health

Dealing with a serious diagnosis like colon cancer can feel overwhelming. You may already be exhausted from numerous consultations, conflicting medical opinions, or aggressive treatments with limited results. In such a situation, it is easy to fall back on standard protocols – despite their side effects – rather than explore innovative options like dendritic cell therapy.

At Booking Health, we help you make an informed decision. As a global leader in treatment organization for international patients, we specialize in arranging personalized cancer treatment abroad, with a strong focus on advanced immunotherapy solutions offered by the best German oncology clinics.

For over 12 years, Booking Health services have connected patients from around the world with Germany's best hospitals – many of which are certified immunotherapy centers. Whether you are seeking care for metastatic colon cancer, preparing for dendritic cell vaccination, or planning an entire treatment program from surgery to follow-up, we are here to guide you.

What you can expect from Booking Health:

• In-depth review and analysis of your medical records
• Personalized colon cancer treatment program based on your diagnosis and preferences
• Selection of a certified clinic in Germany with high success rates in dendritic cell therapy
• Communication with leading specialists before arrival
• Translation of all medical documentation and coordination with clinics
• Help with visa, travel, and accommodation arrangements
• A dedicated medical coordinator and interpreter providing 24/7 support
• Ongoing assistance during your hospital stay
• Follow-up care and communication with your German doctors after your return home
• Transparent pricing with no hidden fees – often up to 50% lower than standard international rates

Your health deserves the best. Entrust your care to experienced professionals who can deliver results. Contact Booking Health today to explore innovative options for treating cancer in Germany and take the first step toward recovery.

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Personalized Dendritic Cell Treatment: Experience with Booking Health

Margery Sue S. (USA), June 2025

Rebecca K. (USA), May 2025

Margarita Y. (Bulgaria), November 2024

Narges Mahshid R. (Qatar), July 2024

Frequently Asked Questions About Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy In Colon Cancer

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Why is Germany Leading in Colon Cancer Treatment?

Germany pioneers dendritic cell therapy with certified laboratories and advanced medical standards, achieving 90% remission rates for early-stage colon cancer through personalized treatment approaches combining immunotherapy with traditional methods.

How are Dendritic Cells Used to Treat Bowel Cancer?

The treatment creates a personalized vaccine from the patient's tumor cells and immune cells. This innovative therapy trains the immune system to recognize and fight cancer while complementing other treatments.

What is the Cost of Colon Cancer Treatment with Dendritic Cells in Germany?

Dendritic cell therapy costs between 20,000 and 38,000 euros, varying based on additional treatments and individual needs. The price covers the complete treatment program from consultation to vaccine administration.

Why Choose Dendritic Cell Therapy for Colon Cancer in Germany?

German clinics offer this Nobel Prize-winning treatment with minimal side effects, combining immunotherapy with traditional approaches. Patients receive care from experienced medical teams in state-certified facilities with proven success rates.

What is dendritic cell therapy for colon cancer?

Dendritic cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy that uses a patient's own dendritic cells to train the immune system to recognize and attack colon cancer cells. These specialized immune cells are extracted, exposed to tumor antigens in a lab, and then reintroduced into the body to activate a targeted immune response against the cancer.

Who is a candidate for dendritic cell therapy in colon cancer?

Colon cancer patients may be eligible for dendritic cell therapy at various stages of treatment. It is particularly beneficial for those with metastatic colon cancer, recurrence after conventional therapies, or who are unable to tolerate chemotherapy. It is also used for recurrence prevention after tumor resection, especially in cases with a high risk of relapse.

How effective is dendritic cell treatment for colon cancer?

Clinical studies show that dendritic cell therapy can lead to improved survival, particularly in combination with other therapies. It activates immune cells that target and destroy tumor tissue, delays tumor progression, and reduces recurrence rates. In addition, this therapy enhances quality of life due to its targeted approach and low incidence of side effects.

Where can I get dendritic cell therapy for colon cancer in Germany?

Several certified immunotherapy centers offer advanced colon cancer treatment with dendritic cells in Germany. These specialized clinics have the infrastructure to develop personalized vaccines and integrate them into comprehensive care programs. Germany is a top destination for cancer treatment, known for its high clinical standards and innovation in immunotherapy.

What are the benefits of dendritic cell treatment for colon cancer?

Benefits include low toxicity, making it suitable even for frail patients, and significant recurrence prevention by training the immune system to recognize residual cancer cells. It also improves quality of life, as it avoids many of the harsh side effects associated with chemotherapy and supports long-term immune surveillance via a naturally activated immune system.

Can dendritic cell therapy be combined with chemotherapy or other treatments?

Yes, it is often part of combination therapy. Immuno-chemo protocols integrate dendritic cells with chemotherapy, radiation, or checkpoint inhibitors to enhance immune cell activation and improve treatment outcomes. This multimodal approach increases the effectiveness of cancer treatment while maintaining safety and tolerability.

How can I arrange treatment in Germany through Booking Health?

The Booking Health service simplifies treatment organization for patients seeking cancer treatment abroad. Their experts coordinate every step – from selecting one of the best German oncology clinics for your case and handling medical documents to arranging travel, accommodation, and translation services. Patients benefit from access to the leading German specialists, transparent pricing, and continuous support throughout the entire treatment process.

Choose treatment abroad and you will for sure get the best results!

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Authors:

This article was edited by medical experts, board-certified doctors Dr. Nadezhda Ivanisova, and Dr. Bohdan Mykhalniuk. For the treatment of the conditions referred to in the article, you must consult a doctor; the information in the article is not intended for self-medication!

Our editorial policy, which details our commitment to accuracy and transparency, is available here. Click this link to review our policies.

Sources:

[1] World Journal of Gastroenterology. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4853685/

[2] Pharmacological Research. Dendritic Cell Vaccine Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7867624/

[3] World Health Organization. Colorectal Cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

[4] Cancer Management and Research. Chemotherapy Combined with Dendritic Cell Vaccine and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells in the Treatment of Colorectal Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6225919/

[5] International Journal of Colorectal Disease. Advancements in Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer treatment: a Comprehensive Review of Strategies, Challenges, and Future Prospective. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11682016/

[6] World Journal of Gastroenterology. Combination of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Colon Cancer in China: A Meta-Analysis. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921535/

[7] PLoS One. Autologous Tumor Lysate-Pulsed Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy with Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Improves Survival in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer Patients. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093886&

[8] Vaccines. Dendritic Cell-Based Adjuvant Vaccination Targeting Wilms' Tumor 1 in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/3/4/1004

[9] Experimental Hematology & Oncology. Research Progress on Dendritic Cell Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy. https://ehoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40164-022-00257-2

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