Treatment of Scleritis

About the disease

Scleritis is an inflammation of the sclera, which is the outer, white layer of the eye that constitutes approximately 83% of its surface. In scleritis, the sclera becomes red and painful. This condition is known to develop when there is a malfunction of the immune system, or an infection, that attacks the outer surface of the eye.

There are several types of scleritis: anterior, nodular, posterior and necrotizing. The first type is the most common and the least dangerous. Very often, anterior scleritis is caused by another eye disease or an infection. Necrotizing scleritis is the most dangerous type of this condition and, if left untreated, it can lead to partial or full loss of vision. 

It has not yet been determined what exactly causes the immune system to attack the sclera. Previous eye infections can trigger the development of sclera, but it is not always a predisposing factor. People who already have autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, can develop scleritis as a complication of their primary condition. Some people have a genetic predisposition for the development of scleritis during their lifetime. Previous eye trauma or eye surgery can also lead to scleritis if an infection was ever left untreated.

According to Healthline.com, this condition is more prevalent among females and can affect any age group. People whose relatives have suffered from scleritis need to be careful of eye infections and are recommended to attend regular checked-ups with an ophthalmologist. 

Symptoms

• Acute eye pain
• Pain worse when moving the eyes
• Red sclera
• Excessively watery eyes
• Increased sensitivity to light
• Blurred and reduced vision

Diagnosis

• During a general examination, the doctor will examine the patient’s eyes to determine whether they are particularly sensitive to light or especially watery.
• The doctor will ask the patient if they have had any eye infections lately or have ever been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease.
• A general examination is not enough to diagnose scleritis, as similar symptoms may be caused by eye infections, such as conjunctivitis. However, If the sclera (white part of the eye) is red or sore, this is an indication of  scleritis and should be investigated.
• A blood test can indicate the presence of an inflammatory process developing in the body, which can point to an autoimmune problem.
• An ultrasonography of the eye helps doctors to examine the sclera more closely and determine the type of scleritis.

Treatment

• The treatment of scleritis depends on the cause of this eye condition.
• If scleritis was caused by a malfunctioning immune system, the patient may be prescribed immunosuppressants. These aim to reduce the inflammation in the eye and preserve the patient’s vision.
• If an infection was the cause of scleritis, the patient is prescribed antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the inflammation and pain.
• During the treatment, the patient needs to take extra care of the infected eye(s) to ensure a safe recovery.