Diagnostic and treatment of Aplastic anemia
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University Hospital Ulm
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Rheumatology and Infectology
University Hospital Freiburg
Department of Hematology and Oncology
University Hospital Heidelberg
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology
University Hospital Frankfurt am Main
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectology
University Hospital RWTH Aachen
Department of Oncology and Hematology
University Hospital Würzburg
Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, Oncology, Hepatology, Infectology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
University Hospital Erlangen
Department of Hematology and Oncology
University Hospital Halle (Saale)
Department of Hematology and Oncology
University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf
Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonology
Charite University Hospital Berlin
Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center
University Hospital Bonn
Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunoncology
University Hospital Giessen UKGM
Department of Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Care
University Hospital of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
University Hospital Marburg UKGM
Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology
University Hospital Muenster
Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pulmonology
Aplastic anemia is a disease, when body is not able to produce sufficient amount of new blood cells. As a result, person feels fatigue and weakness, is more exposed to different infections and any uncontrollable bleeding can become a medical emergency. Aplastic anemia is considered to be a rare condition, which can generally develop at any age. It can develop gradually and the onset can be sudden, causing more pronounced symptoms.
Aplastic anemia arises when bone marrow stops producing sufficient amount of white and red blood cells. These blood cells are produced from the stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. There can be not enough stem cells produced if a person has been exposed to the radioactive and chemical agents for a long time (e.g. during the cancer treatment). Exposure to certain toxic chemicals, such as gasoline, can also result in development of aplastic anemia.
People with autoimmune disorders, which attack stem cells, are more likely to develop aplastic anemia in future. Viral infections, such as hepatitis of different types, can also affect production of new blood cells. In rare cases pregnancy can be a provoking factor in women, who already have autoimmune disorders.
- Fatigue
- Pale skin
- Weight loss
- Frequent and recurrent infections
- Prolonged bleeding from nose or sores
- Unexplained bruises, which appeared without any previous falls or injuries
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Loss of consciousness
- Low blood pressure
- Blood test is usually enough to diagnose aplastic anemia, as it allows to assess the amount of platelets, white and red blood cells.
- Biopsy of bone marrow is mainly used if there is suspicion of cancer, which sometimes has similar symptoms. Sample tissue is usually taken from the hip bone, where bone marrow is the most accessible.
- Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a surgery used to remove the old bone marrow and transplant the new one from a donor with genetically similar stem cells. It is used when conservative treatment is unable to renew the normal production of blood cells.
- Immunosuppressive therapy is used if aplastic anemia was caused by certain autoimmune disorders. In this case, immune system is partially blocked to allow the bone marrow produce sufficient amount of stem cells. During the course of treatment patients need to be extra cautious to avoid infections and viral diseases, as their immune system won't be able to fight them in a proper way.
Authors: Dr. Nadezhda Ivanisova, Dr. Farrukh Ahmed