Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

About the disease

Myelodysplastic syndrome is a disorder that restricts the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Also known as bone marrow failure, this condition is recognized as a type of cancer and is more common among people over 65 years of age. This condition is relatively rare, with about 12,000 of people annually being diagnosed with it in the USA. Manifestations of myelodysplastic syndrome depend on its severity. In mild cases, there may be no symptoms. In severe cases, however, the patient is likely to experience noticeable fatigue and shortness of breath.

The exact cause of myelodysplastic syndrome has not been identified yet. People with genetic predisposition to the condition develop higher risk when they reach the age of 65 and above. Previous cancer treatment involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy (which aims to kill cancerous cells) can affect the function of the bone marrow in the long-term perspective. Congenital blood disorders, such as hemoglobinuria, can contribute to the development of myelodysplastic syndrome. Children with Down syndrome or other congenital disorders are also at greater risk.

Symptoms

• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Bleeding
• Paleness
• Easy bruising
• Strange red marks under the skin
• Shortness of breath

Diagnosis

• During a general examination, the doctor will ask the patient about his symptoms and whether he has ever been diagnosed with anemia, as severe cases have similar to myelodysplastic syndrome symptoms.
• The doctor will examine the patient’s skin and ask if he has noticed any abnormal bleeding or bruising lately.
• A complete blood count is performed, to check for insufficiency of red and white blood cells and platelets.
• A bone marrow aspiration (or biopsy) is performed, to allow the doctor to examine a sample of bone marrow under a microscope. This can rule out other conditions, such as leukemia.

Treatment

• Chemotherapy and immunotherapy can help to rebuild the blood count.
• Immunosuppressants are often prescribed, to prevent the immune system from attacking the bone marrow.
• Blood transfusions can help to boost the amount of red and white blood cells and platelets.
• Stem cell transplantation from a donor create new, healthy blood cells and normalize the blood count. This is the only definitive cure for myelodysplastic syndrome.

Authors: Dr. Nadezhda Ivanisova, Dr. Farrukh Ahmed